Vacuum coagulation probes

ABSTRACT

An embodiment of the invention includes a surgical device for coagulating soft tissue such as atrial tissue in the treatment of atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and atrial tachycardia; tendon or ligament shrinkage; or articular cartilage removal. The surgical device integrates a suction mechanism with the coagulation mechanism improving the lesion creation capabilities of the device. The surgical device comprises an elongate member having an insulative covering attached about conductive elements capable of coagulating soft tissue when radiofrequency or direct current energy is transmitted to the conductive elements. Openings through the insulative covering expose regions of the conductive elements and are coupled to lumens in the elongate member which are routed to a vacuum source. Suction causes the soft tissue to actively engage the opening thus the integrated, exposed conductive elements to facilitate the coagulation process and ensure the lesions created are consistent, continuous, and transmural. The embodiments of the invention can also incorporate cooling mechanisms associated with the conductive elements and coupled to a fluid source to passively transport fluid along the contacted soft tissue surface to cool thus pushing the maximum temperature deeper into tissue.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/425,251 filed Apr. 29, 2003 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/172,296 filed Jun. 14, 2002, the contentsof which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not Applicable

THE NAMES OF THE PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT

Not Applicable

REFERENCE TO AN APPENDIX SUBMITTED ON COMPACT DISC

Not Applicable

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Atrial fibrillation surgery involving radiofrequency, d.c., microwave,or other thermal ablation of atrial tissue has a limitation in thattissue contact throughout the length of the electrode(s) is/are notconsistent causing variability in the transmission of energy throughoutthe target length of ablated/coagulated tissue. This produces gaps ofviable tissue that promote propagation of wavelets that sustain atrialfibrillation, or produce atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia, or otherarrhythmia substrate.

Another influence in the inability of existing thermal ablation probesto create complete curvilinear, transmural lesions is the presence ofconvective cooling on the opposite surface of the atrium producing aheat sink that decreases the maximum temperature at this surface therebypreventing the lesions from consistently extending transmural throughthe entire wall of the atrium. This is especially relevant duringbeating-heart therapies in which the coagulation/ablation probe isplaced against the epicardial surface, and blood flowing along theendocardium removes heat thus producing a larger gradient betweentemperature immediately under the probe electrodes along the epicardiumand that at the endocardium. Increased tissue contact is capable ofreversing this effect by evoking a compression of the tissue thatshortens the wall thickness of the atria, ensuring consistent contactthroughout the length of the electrode(s), and increasing the efficiencyof thermal conduction from the epicardium to the endocardium. As such amore consistent and reliable lesion is created.

Another deficiency of current approaches is the ability to direct thecoagulation to precise regions of soft tissue while avoiding underlyingor nearby tissue structures. For example, atrial fibrillation ablationmay involve extending a lesion to the annulus near which the circumflex,right coronary artery, and coronary sinus reside. Conventionalapproaches are unable to selectively ablate desired soft tissuestructures and isolate preserved tissue structures from targetedregions.

The embodiments of the invention address these deficiencies for atrialfibrillation ablation. In addition, the embodiments of the inventionaddress similar deficiencies that are apparent during other applicationsinvolving coagulation of a selected tissue region in a precise mannersuch as tendon shrinking and articular cartilage removal.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the invention relate to devices and methods for lessinvasive treatment of atrial fibrillation, tendon or ligament shrinkage,and articular cartilage removal. More particularly, certain embodimentsof the invention relate to ablation and/or coagulation probes thatintegrate suction to the coagulation electrodes so as to ensureconsistent and intimate tissue contact directly between the electrodesand soft tissue. These integrated vacuum-assisted coagulation probes arecapable of reliably creating transmural, curvilinear lesions capable ofpreventing the propagation of wavelets that initiate and sustain atrialfibrillation, atrial flutter, or other arrhythmia substrate. Thevacuum-assisted coagulation probes also facilitate less invasive surgeryinvolving endoscopic or laparoscopic access and visualization to thetarget coagulation sites. Additionally, the vacuum-assisted coagulationprobes of the invention are suitable for coagulating soft tissues (e.g.atrial tissue to treat atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, or otherarrhythmia) through a median sternotomy, lateral thoracotomy,intercostals port-access, mini-sternotomies, other less invasiveapproaches involving subxiphoid access, inguinal approaches, orsub-thoracic approaches adjacent the diaphram. Alternatively, thevacuum-assisted coagulation probes can be modified for catheter-basedapplications by elongating the shaft, altering the dimensions of thedevice, and incorporating other feature tailored for intravascularaccess.

The vacuum-assisted coagulation probes can also be used to coagulateother soft tissues for a variety of applications including cancertherapy (e.g. liver, prostate, colon, esophageal, gastrointestinal,gynecological, etc.); GERD treatment; shrinking of collagen-based tissuestructures such as skin, tendons, muscles, ligaments, vascular tissueduring arthroscopic, laparoscopic, or other minimally invasiveprocedures; and/or coagulation of an upper layer of tissue withoutdamaging underlying tissue structures, for example during articularcartilage removal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

Several exemplary embodiments of the present invention, and manyfeatures and advantages of those exemplary embodiments will beelaborated in the following detailed description and accompanyingdrawings, in which:

FIGS. 1A to 1C show an exploded view, a bottom view, a close-up view ofan integrated vacuum coagulation probe embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 2A to 2C show a side view, a perspective view, and a bottom viewof the distal section of an integrated vacuum coagulation probeembodiment;

FIGS. 2D and 2E show bottom views of the electrode and coveringcomponents of the vacuum coagulation probe embodiment in FIGS. 2A to 2C;

FIGS. 3A and 3B show a bottom view and a top view of another electrodeembodiment for an integrated vacuum coagulation probe;

FIGS. 4A to 4D show a perspective view, a bottom view, a side view, anda cross-sectional view of an integrated vacuum coagulation probeembodiment that incorporates an offset between the active electrode andthe surface of the probe, and multiple lumens for injection of coolingor therapeutic media;

FIGS. 5A to 5C show a side view, and cross-sectional views taken alongA-A and B-B of an integrated vacuum coagulation probe embodimentincorporating an offset between the electrode and the tissue engagingopening;

FIGS. 6A and 6B show perspective views of two non-integrated vacuumcoagulation probe embodiments incorporating electrodes adjacent thetissue engaging opening;

FIG. 7 shows a posterior view of a heart and associated vasculature witha vacuum coagulation probe embodiment placed to access regions of theleft atrium about the pulmonary veins;

FIG. 8 shows a posterior view of a heart and associated vasculature witha vacuum coagulation probe embodiment placed to access regions of theleft atrium about the pulmonary veins;

FIG. 9 shows a front view of a shoulder and associated anatomy with avacuum coagulation probe embodiment placed to remove articular cartilageor unwanted tissue from the bony surface, or to coagulate stripes oftendon tissue to cause shrinkage and strengthening of the tendon;

FIG. 10 shows a front view of a hip and associated anatomy with a vacuumcoagulation probe embodiment placed to remove articular cartilage orunwanted tissue from the bony surface;

FIG. 11 shows a front view of a knee and associated anatomy with avacuum coagulation probe embodiment placed to remove articular cartilageor unwanted tissue from the bony surface, or to coagulate stripes oftendon tissue to cause shrinkage and strengthening of the tendon.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A need exists for integrated vacuum coagulation probe devices andmethods that create contiguous, curvilinear, transmural lesions in theatria to treat atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventriculartachycardia, or other arrhythmia substrate. In addition, such devicesand methods could simplify and improve other soft tissue coagulationprocedures by ensuring intimate tissue contact while precisely andeffectively heating a region of soft tissue. For example, tendonshrinking during arthroscopic procedures and articular cartilagefragment removal from bony tissue are facilitated and controlled withthe embodiments of the invention. The embodiments of the invention alsoenable pharmacologically modifying tissue structures with localizedadministration of agents to cross-link or otherwise adapt tissue tospecific needs.

The needed technology also could enable certain procedures to beperformed less invasively through limited incisions that previouslyrequired large, open incisions with inherent morbidity and risks toother anatomic structures. Such inventive devices and methods thus couldenable patients to undergo such reparative or therapeutic surgicalprocedures while enduring less pain, expedited hospital stays, andshorter rehabilitative and recovery times.

The present invention relates to methods and devices that enablereliable and controlled coagulation of soft tissue during less invasiveprocedures. To accomplish this, the coagulation probe incorporatesvacuum conduits integrated with the electrode(s) to urge the soft tissueinto intimate contact with the strategically-located edges of theelectrode(s) and ensure efficient transmission of energy capable ofconsistently and completely heating a desired region of soft tissue. Theintegrated vacuum coagulation probe embodiments of the invention alsoenable passive convective cooling of the tissue surface by using thevacuum source to transport fluid along the tissue surface from a fluidsource without the need for a separate injector or pump. Convectivecooling directs the maximum temperature deeper into tissue therebyenabling the delivery of increased energy into the tissue and creatinglarger and deeper lesions.

The following is a detailed description of certain exemplary embodimentsof the inventions. This detailed description is not to be taken in alimiting sense, but is made merely for the purpose of illustratingcertain general principles of the inventions.

This patent application discloses a number of exemplary embodiments,mainly in the context of soft tissue coagulation accomplished throughless invasive approaches (e.g. thoracoscopic, arthroscopic,laparoscopic, percutaneous, or other minimally invasive procedures). Theintegrated vacuum coagulation probe embodiments disclosed herein produceintimate contact between a soft tissue surface and electrode(s) used totransmit energy capable of heating the soft tissue until irreversibleinjury is achieved making the soft tissue non-viable and unable topropagate electrical impulses, mutate, or reproduce. The integratedvacuum coagulation probe embodiments also enable supporting and/orrepositioning the soft tissue during coagulation to prevent or minimizeshrinking or other change in the shape of the soft tissue associatedwith heat causing the collagen in the soft tissue to denature.

Nevertheless, it should be appreciated that the integrated vacuumcoagulation probe devices can be applicable for use in other indicationsinvolving devices that are used to coagulate soft tissue where access tothe tissue is limited by a small opening into the cavity, confined spaceat the soft tissue interface, difficult to reach locations, or otheranatomic limitation. The embodiments of the invention can be configuredfor the human anatomy; however, it should be noted that the embodimentsof the invention can, in some cases, be tailored to other species, suchas canine, ovine, porcine, bovine, or horses, by changing the geometryand sizes of the structures.

An additional benefit of integrated vacuum coagulation probe devices caninvolve the ease of deployment and the rapid healing post-procedure. Thesmall incision used to access the soft tissue during such proceduresaccelerates the healing process and reduces the visible scar. Theintegrated vacuum coagulation probe devices can be capable of beingdeployed through a thoracostomy, thoracotomy, median sternotomy,mini-sternotomy, mini-thoracotomy, xiphoid access, subthoracic access,arthroscopic, or laparoscopic approach, thereby potentially eliminatingthe need for long incisions to access the soft tissue and correspondinganatomic structures.

The integrated vacuum coagulation probe, and corresponding components,can be fabricated from at least one rod, wire, band, bar, tube, sheet,ribbon, other raw material having the desired pattern, cross-sectionalprofile, and dimensions, or a combination of cross-sections. The rod,wire, band, bar, sheet, tube, ribbon, or other raw material can befabricated by extruding, injection molding, press-forging, rotaryforging, bar rolling, sheet rolling, cold drawing, cold rolling, usingmultiple cold-working and annealing steps, casting, or otherwise forminginto the desired shape. The components of the integrated vacuumcoagulation probe may be cut from raw material by conventional abrasivesawing, water jet cutting, laser cutting, ultrasonic cutting, EDMmachining, photochemical etching, or other techniques to cut the lumens,pores, ports and/or other features of the vacuum coagulation probe fromthe raw material. Components of the integrated vacuum coagulation probecan be bonded by laser welding, adhesives, ultrasonic welding,radiofrequency welding, soldering, spot welding, or other attachmentmeans.

For several of the integrated vacuum coagulation probe embodimentsbelow, various components can be fabricated from at least one wire,tube, ribbon, sheet, rod, band or bar of raw material cut to the desiredconfiguration and thermally formed into the desired 3-dimensionalconfiguration. When thermally forming (e.g. annealing) components, theycan be stressed into the desired resting configuration using mandrelsand/or forming fixtures having the desired resting shape of thepuncturing component, and heated to between 300 and 600 degrees Celsiusfor a period of time, typically between 15 seconds and 10 minutes.Alternatively, the components may be heating immediately prior tostressing. Once the volume of material reaches the desired temperature,the component is quenched by inserting into chilled or room temperaturewater or other fluid, or allowed to return to ambient temperature. Assuch the components can be fabricated into their resting configuration.When extremely small radii of curvature are desired, multiple thermalforming steps can be utilized to sequentially bend the component intosmaller radii of curvature.

When fabricating the integrated vacuum coagulation probe components fromtubing, the raw material can have an oval, circular, rectangular,square, trapezoidal, or other cross-sectional geometry capable of beingcut into the desired pattern. After cutting the desired pattern oflumens, ports, and pores, the components can be formed into the desiredshape, stressed, heated, for example, between 300° C. and 600° C., andallowed to cool in the preformed geometry to set the shape of thecomponents, as discussed above.

Once the components are fabricated and formed into the desired3-dimensional geometry, they can be tumbled, sand blasted, bead blasted,chemically etched, ground, mechanically polished, electropolished, orotherwise treated to remove any edges and/or produce a smooth surface.

Holes, slots, notches, other cut-away areas, or regions of groundmaterial can be incorporated in the components to tailor the stiffnessprofile. Cutting and treating processes described above can be used tofabricate the slots, holes, notches, cut-away regions, and/or groundregions in the desired pattern to taper the stiffness along, focus thestiffness along the length of, reinforce specific regions of, orotherwise customize the stiffness profile of the vacuum probecomponents.

FIGS. 1A to 1C show an exploded view, a side view, and a close-up viewof an integrated vacuum coagulation probe 2 embodiment of the invention.The integrated vacuum coagulation probe 2 incorporates a shaft 4 thatdefines a lumen 6, as shown in FIG. 1A.

The shaft 4 in the illustrated embodiment is fabricated from a polymersuch as PEBAX®, polyester, polyurethane, urethane, silicone, polyimide,other thermoplastic, thermoset plastic, or elastomer. Alternatively, theshaft may be a metal (e.g. titanium, etc.), or metal alloy (e.g.stainless steel, spring steel, nickel titanium, etc.) fabricated as acut tube, braided wires, a mesh, one or more helically wound wires, orother configuration encapsulated in or covered by a polymer. When usingpolymer coverings/insulation over the electrode(s) 8 and/or the shaft 4,the covering/insulation may be extruded, injection molded (especiallywhen incorporating discrete features such as the opening withoutrequiring another step of cutting the covering/insulation around thedefined electrode), dipped, or applied using another manufacturingprocess involving embedding or covering the electrode and/or shaftsupport structures with the polymer covering

The shaft shown in FIGS. 1A to 1C consists of a polymer, as listedabove, covering or encapsulating a rectangular (or elliptical orcircular) wire wound into a helix (or mesh, or other geometry)throughout a majority of the probe length with a section of the polymerremoved from the encapsulated or covered wire to create the suctionpore(s) or opening(s) 10 that are coupled to lumen 6, and expose theconductive surface of the wire and define the electrode 8. As such, theembodiment in FIGS. 1A to 1C consists of a probe fabricated from fourcomponents: 1) a fluid injection/support tube 100 that incorporates atleast one aperture 26 at its distal end; 2) an electrode/shaft supportcoil 8 connected to an electrical conduit 12 that is coupled to aconnector 14 at the handle 102; 3) a shaft 4 defining at least onepore/opening 10; and 4) a handle 102 that houses at least one electricalconnector 14 and ports that attach to the lumen 6 of the shaft 4 and thelumen of the fluid injection/support tube 100. Alternatively, thesection of the probe containing the exposed conductive element of theelectrode 8 and the cut-out region(s) of the covering that defines thesuction pore(s)/opening(s) may be fabricated from separate component(s)than the shaft 4.

The shaft and/or distal section of the probe housing the electrode 8 andsuction pore(s)/opening(s) 10 may have a circular cross-section,elliptical cross-section, rectangular cross-section, or other geometrydepending on the stiffness requirements, access characteristics, andother considerations. The shaft 4 may be fabricated as a multi-lumentubing having two or more separate lumens serving specific functions. Atits proximal end, the shaft 4 is bonded to a handle 102 thatincorporates at least one port that feeds the shaft lumen(s) 6 and thelumen of the injection/support tube 100. The port(s) may incorporateluer adaptor(s) or other tubing connector(s) to facilitate attaching IVtubing, surgical tubing, or other tube capable of connecting to a vacuumsource.

The handle 102 also houses at least one electrical connector 14 to whichwire(s) 12 are attached at the proximal end. The wire(s) 12 are routedto the electrode(s) 8 to enable transmitting energy (radiofrequency, ordirect current) to the electrode(s). In the embodiment in FIGS. 1A to1C, the helical wire functions as the electrode 8 and the signal wire12. When the electrode is not integral to the shaft, discrete signalwire(s) 12 are secured to the electrode 8 and are routed to theelectrical connector 14 at the handle 102. When transmittingradiofrequency energy in unipolar fashion between at least one electrode8 and a large surface area, reference electrode (not shown), a singlewire 12 is routed to each electrode and connected to a radiofrequencygenerator. When transmitting d.c. or radiofrequency energy in bipolarfashion between pairs of electrodes 8, individual wires 12 are connectedto each of two or more individual, closely-spaced electrodes 8 and RF orDC energy is applied between the electrodes. When utilizing resistiveheating of the electrode 8 and relying on conduction to transfer heat tocontacted tissue, two wires 12 are connected to each electrode 8 (e.g.resistive element in this case) separated by a length defining theregion to be heated so the tissue contacting length of the electrode 8heats to the desired temperature and the heat is conducted to contactedtissue.

Temperature sensors (not shown) may be associated with each electrode 8with wires routed along the shaft to the handle where they are connectedto an electrical connector (14) capable of transmitting the temperaturesignal to a radiofrequency generator with temperature monitoring orcontrol capabilities or a separate temperature monitor. U.S. Pat. No.5,769,847, entitled “Systems and methods for controlling tissue ablationusing multiple temperature sensing elements” and incorporated herein byreference, describes tissue coagulation systems utilizing multipleelectrodes and temperature sensors associated with each electrode tocontrollably transmit radiofrequency energy and maintain allelectrode(s) essentially at the same temperature. The vacuum coagulationprobe electrode(s) and associated temperature sensors (not shown) may beconnected to such a mechanism to control transmission of radiofrequencyenergy to each electrode to control the heating of contacted softtissue.

The integrated vacuum coagulation probe embodiment in FIGS. 1A to 1Cexposes the electrode 8 only along one side of the integrated vacuumcoagulation probe and insulates the opposite side against transmissionof radiofrequency energy and/or heat. As shown in FIGS. 1A to 1C, atleast one pore or opening 10 is created along one side of thecoagulation probe through the side wall of the covering/insulation toexpose the conductive surface of the helical wire and coupling the lumen6 of the shaft 4 to the exposed surface of the helical wire therebydefining the integrated electrode(s) 8. These openings 10 enableproducing a vacuum against the soft tissue throughout the length ofelectrode(s) 8 thereby ensuring intimate tissue contact between theelectrode(s) 8 and the soft tissue. The openings 10 also orient theedges of the electrode(s) 8, commonly associated with high currentdensities transmitted into the soft tissue, to create a continuous,consistent lesion throughout the length of the electrode(s) 8 withoutproducing hot spots that interfere with creating lesions havingconsistent depth and width. The combination of creating intimate tissuecontact and directing the current density profile creates controlled andefficient heating of the soft tissue required when coagulating tissue toproduce defined lengths of transmural lesions in atrial tissue (or othersoft tissue). The pore(s)/opening(s) may have a constant width or varyalong the length of the electrode 8 to adjust contact forces and/orcurrent density profiles throughout the length of the electrode(s) 8.

The electrode(s) 8 may be fabricated from metal (e.g. tungsten,titanium, tantalum, platinum, gold, silver), metal alloy (e.g. stainlesssteel, spring steel, nickel titanium, platinum iridium, silver chloride,etc.), metals deposited over a carrier (e.g. gold-plated stainlesssteel, gold deposited polyimide, platinum deposited polyester, etc.) ora combination of materials fabricated, with methods describedpreviously, to define the shape, the coil/winding width B, the coilpitch A or separation (for non-helical configurations), shaft 4attachment features (e.g. threads, slots, etc.) or other features. Theelectrode(s) 8 may be fabricated from elastic or superelastic materialsso they can be deflected upon exposure to an external force (e.g.actuation of the vacuum, manual bending, etc.), or be treated so theelectrode(s) 8 is/are malleable so the operator may tailor theelectrode(s) to the anatomic structures. Similarly, the shaft 4,described above, may be treated so it is malleable.

The injector/support tube 100 can serve multiple functions. Theinjection/support tube 100 may be fabricated from a malleable metal oralloy to enable the operator to impart a shape to the electrode 8 and/orshaft 4 and maintain that shape during placement and/or coagulation.Alternatively, the injection/support tube 100 may be fabricated from apolymer tube or a braided polymer tube, or be embedded into thecovering/insulation using an injection molding or extrusion process thatdefines a separate lumen (not shown). In this configuration, styletteshaving discrete shapes and/or malleability may be inserted through theinjection/support tube 100 to adjust the shape of the probe duringplacement or coagulation. This feature is especially relevant duringless invasive access to the heart. The injection/support tube 100incorporates apertures or cut-outs along the distal end 26 and is routedto a port (not shown) at the handle 102 of the probe to enable passivefluid cooling of the tissue during lesion creation. The suction forceapplied by a vacuum source (not shown) through the shaft lumen 6 pullsfluid (e.g. saline, Ringer's solution, plasmalite, etc.) from a fluidsource (e.g. saline bag) through the injection/support tube 100 past thedistal apertures or cut-outs 26 and along the lumen 6 of the probeconducting heat away from the soft tissue surface directly engagedagainst the electrode 8 using the vacuum. The known diameter and lengthof the injection/support tube 100 combined with the known pressureapplied through the probe (preferably −400 mmHg) produce a constantfluid injection through the probe without the need for a separatepump/injector.

FIGS. 2A to 2C show the distal section of another vacuum coagulationprobe embodiment used to coagulate soft tissue during open surgicaland/or minimally invasive access (e.g. thoracoscopic, endoscopic,arthroscopic, laparoscopic, or other approach) into the body cavity.FIGS. 2D and 2E show two components (the electrode 8 and the covering orinsulation over the electrode) of the vacuum coagulation probe in FIGS.2A to 2C. FIG. 2D shows the cut tube that defines the electrode 8 and inthis configuration the support of the shaft 4 with a lumen 6therethrough. FIG. 2E shows the covering/insulation that covers the cuttube and incorporates an opening 10 that defines the electrode 8. Thecovering/insulation extends along the shaft 4 of the probe andterminates at the handle (not shown).

The integrated vacuum coagulation probe 2 embodiment in FIGS. 2A to 2Eincorporates a flexible polymer shaft 4 that has a side wall, and coversor encapsulates an electrode 8 fabricated from a cut (laser cut,waterjet cut, chemically etched, etc.) tube (e.g. metal or alloy). Thecut tube incorporates an unbroken distal tip extending into helicalwindings having a pitch (A) and width (B). The pitch (A) is thecenter-to-center distance between windings. The windings extend a lengthcoincident with the electrode 8 that is defined by exposing theconductive surface of the electrode windings to tissue by at least oneopening 10 in the side wall of the covering/insulation of the shaft 4.The cut tube may extend further beyond the at least one opening 10 thatdefines the at least one electrode 8 such that it continues along theentire shaft terminating at the handle attachment point. Alternatively,the cut tube may be limited to the electrode 8 region and terminate justpast the opening 10 of the covering/insulation; this dedicated cut tubeelectrode 8 is then secured to a separate shaft 4. Preferably the innerdiameter of the shaft is greater than or equal to the inner diameter ofthe electrode region to optimize the suction force applied along theopening and prevent tissue that is pulled into the electrode lumen fromlodging in the shaft lumen. In the continuous cut tube (integralelectrode and shaft) configuration, the electrode and shaft sections ofthe cut tube are covered or encapsulated by an insulative polymer withan opening 10 in the side wall of the polymer covering to define theelectrode 8. The cut tube in this configuration may incorporate a singlepattern of windings or adjust the pitch, winding width, and/or cut tubegeometry from the electrode 8 region to the shaft region. In theseparate electrode and shaft configuration, the covering/insulationalong the electrode section may be integral with the shaft 4covering/insulation or may comprise separate polymer coverings orinsulations secured to the electrode 8 and the shaft 4.

The pitch (A) between individual windings defines the open space fortissue to be urged into the lumen 6 of the probe and into contact withthe conductive windings by the external force of the suction originatingfrom a vacuum source. The pitch (A) must be greater than or equal to 2times the winding width (B) and is preferably greater than or equal to 4times the winding width (B) to optimize the efficiency of engagingtissue to the electrode via the suction. In a representative embodiment,the pitch of the probe was 0.160″, the winding width was 0.040″, thewidth of the electrode defined by the width of the opening was 0.120″,and the length of the electrode defined by the opening was 1.5″. Theprobe was able to consistently create transmural, continuous lesions insoft tissue spanning the length of the electrode and having a depthgreater than the width of the opening. In addition, no hot spots wereobserved and the lesions demonstrated consistent tissue damagethroughout the lengths. This is dramatically different to non-suctionbased approaches that observe hot spots in regions of intimate contactand shallow lesions in regions of lesser tissue contact.

The principle factor in the improvement in the lesion creationcapability observed in these integrated vacuum probe embodiments is theintegration between the electrode and the vacuum mechanism. In theembodiments of the invention, the vacuum source applies suction to softtissue directly in contact with the electrode; as opposed to inferiorapproaches, which incorporate independent suction means and electrodesupports where suction is applied to tissue adjacent to tissue thatcontacts the electrode. By applying suction to soft tissue directlycontacting the electrode, the soft tissue compresses into engagementwith the electrode throughout the length consistently. The pitch (A) andwinding width (B) are tailored so the probe electrode 8 contacts thecompressed soft tissue at spaced intervals (either consistent or varied)thereby optimizing the current density profile along the length of theelectrode and reducing the disparity in current density observedthroughout the length of the conventional ablation probe electrodes.These factors enable the embodiments of the invention to createconsistent lesions having defined dimensions without the need forseveral lesion monitoring tools (e.g. temperature sensors, etc.).

FIGS. 3A and 3B show an alternative cut tube embodiment that, along withthe covering/insulation and corresponding opening(s) 10 therethrough,comprises the electrode 8 of the probe. If the cut tube further extendssignificantly beyond the opening(s) 10, then it may also comprise theshaft 4 of the probe. This electrode 8 embodiment comprises multiplewindings that emanate from an axial backbone. The windings have at leastone pitch (A) and at least one width (B).

FIGS. 4A to 4D show a multilumen integrated vacuum probe configurationin which a first electrode 8 is offset from the tissue surface and asecond electrode 108 may be incorporated to enable bipolar energytransmission between the first and second electrodes.

As shown in FIGS. 4A to 4D, the probe consists of a dual lumen tubingfabricated from a non-conductive polymer extruded or injection moldedinto the dual lumen tubing having a side wall with openings 10, a distaltip 104 that caps the distal end of the lumens 6 and 16, and a firstelectrode 8 and a second electrode 108 secured to the side wall of thedual lumen tubing. The at least one first electrode 8 is secured to theside wall of the probe offset from the opening 10 through the side wall.The first electrode(s) 8 comprise at least one pore or opening 110coupled to the first lumen 6 of the multilumen tubing, as shown in FIGS.4B and 4D. The at least one second electrode 108 is attached to the sidewall at the side wall opening 10 and itself comprises at least oneopening 120. The electrode 8 and 108 embodiments in FIGS. 4A to 4D mayconsist of lengths of sheet or bar material, having predetermined wallthicknesses, secured to the multi-lumen shaft tubing. The electrodes mayfit inside notches created in the shaft tubing that houses theelectrodes, adhesively bonded to openings in the shaft, ultrasonicallywelded to openings in the shaft, laser welded, spot welded or secured tothe shaft with other processes, depending on the materials used for theelectrodes and the shaft. Alternatively, the electrodes and the shaftmay be fabricated from a single length of conductive tubing (e.g. singlelumen or multi-lumen), or less conductive tubing deposited or otherwisecovered with a metallic coating. In these cases, the shaft region of theprobe is covered with an insulative material to isolate the shaft fromthe electrode(s). In another embodiment at least one of the electrodes 8and 108 comprise helical coils or other flexible wire pattern bonded tothe side wall of the probe.

As shown in FIGS. 4A to 4D, lumen 16 defined by the multi-lumen tubingroutes a fluid injection port (not shown) at the handle, through theshaft 4, along the electrodes 8 and 108 and to the electrode section ofthe vacuum coagulation probe 2 to enable fluid cooling of soft tissuecontacting the electrodes 8 and 108. This fluid then flows throughopening 10 through electrode 8 and passes through the suction lumen 6,past the suction port (not shown) and into a vacuum reservoir. Injectionof fluid through the multilumen vacuum probe enables cooling soft tissueduring coagulation to enable transmitting more energy into the softtissue thereby conducting the heat further into the tissue and creatingdeeper lesions.

This integrated, multilumen vacuum probe embodiment enables directlyheating unwanted tissue superficial to healthy tissue that needs to bepreserved (e.g. articular cartilage removal without damaging theunderlying bone cells). The offset of electrode 8 from the soft tissuesurface and the passive injection of cooling fluid provides a bufferfrom which only tissue urged into contact via the suction is heated andremoved without conducting heat deeply into the underlying tissue. Assuch articular cartilage may be heated and removed while preserving thebony cells.

In another application, the multilumen vacuum probe may injecttherapeutic, pharmacologic solutions (e.g. gludaraldehyde, othercross-linking agents, ethanol, heparin, rapamycin, paclitaxel, or otherdrug) through the fluid injection lumen 16 and into contact only withtissue engaged at opening 10 via the vacuum. As such, toxic substancessuch as gludaraldehyde may be used to invoke a tissue response andquickly removed without adversely affecting adjacent anatomy. As suchthe vacuum probe may cause tissue shrinkage by engaging tendons, orother soft tissue with a therapeutic cross-linking agent that is removedafter exposing only a specific region of tissue. Alternatively, drugsolutions may be locally transmitted to specific tissue regions to killcells, alter cellular structure, prevent a biological reaction, or otherpurpose. The isolated injection of therapeutic solutions may beaugmented by the delivery of RF energy (continuous or pulses) to causeelectroporation or other tissue response to augment the impact of thetherapeutic solution injection.

The embodiments described above may be treated so they are malleable andmay be deformed into a desired shape required to access the desiredcoagulation location and/or create the desired lesion length, and shape.An alternative approach, not shown in the Figures, is to incorporate asteering mechanism in the vacuum coagulation probe. The steeringmechanism may be used to deflect the entire electrode relative to theshaft and/or a portion of the electrode. At least one pull-wire can besecured to the electrode at the electrode to shaft junction if theelectrode is to be deflected as a unit relative to the shaft, or alongthe electrode up to the distal end of the probe if the electrode is tobe deflected. The opposite end of the pull-wire(s) are routed to thehandle where it is secured to an actuation knob, not shown, to manuallydeflect the vacuum coagulation probe into a curve. The curve shape,angle and radius is defined by the distance along or from theelectrode(s) at which the pull-wire(s) is/are secured and the stiffnessrelationship between the shaft and the electrode(s). A guide-coil orother radially restraining component can be housed around thepull-wire(s) in the shaft to specify the stiffness of the shaft andfurther define the radius of curvature and angle of deflection of thedistal region of the probe as the pull-wires are actuated.

FIGS. 5A to 5C show the distal section of another integrated vacuumcoagulation probe 2 embodiment. This probe 2 incorporates at least oneelectrode 8 fabricated as a series of windings from a cut tube or woundcoil having at least one pitch (A) and at least one winding width (B).The cut tube defines a lumen 6 for providing a suction path from avacuum source at the handle (not shown). A polymer covering/insulationis extruded, injection molded, or dipped over the cut tube to preservethe lumen 6 and provide at least one isolated opening 10 inside whichthe conductive windings/elements of the electrode 8 are exposed (asshown in FIG. 5B as a blackened section of the conductive windings). Theproximal region of the polymer covered cut tube defines the shaft 4. Asshown in FIG. 5B, the tissue contacting surface of thecovering/insulation along the opening 10 is offset from the electrode 8by a distance (D). As such, the side wall of the covering/insulation isthicker along the opening 10, defined by the offset (D), than 180degrees to the opening 10. The opening 10 also comprises a width (C)into which soft tissue is directly urged into engagement with the atleast one electrode 8 via suction.

The ratio between the offset (D) and the width (C) produces acoagulation response dependent on the application. For direct softtissue coagulation, such as required during atrial fibrillation ablationor tendon shrinkage, C>2D to maximize the contact between uneven orcreased soft tissue surfaces and the exposed conductive surface of theelectrode winding(s). However, D is always >0 (e.g. thecovering/insulation extends beyond the at least one electrode) toenhance the suction response of the vacuum coagulation probe.

By incorporating an offset with a flexible polymer covering/insulatorthe ability for the vacuum coagulation probe to contact soft tissue andproduce a vacuum seal required to engage the soft tissue and bring itinto engagement with the at least one electrode 8 is dramaticallyimproved. This is especially important in applications where the softtissue surface is creased or uneven. The flexible covering/insulationessentially forms an extension about the at least one opening 10 thatfills the creases or uneven anomalies thereby preserving the suctionforce of the soft tissue to the vacuum probe and ensuring the entirelength of soft tissue engages the at least one electrode 8.

In addition, this offset also lifts the tissue layer separating it fromunderlying tissue layers. For example, during tendon shrinkingapplications of the shoulder, the tendon is engaged against the at leastone electrode via the suction and is lifted from underlying nerves, orblood vessels thereby directly heating the tendon tissue whilepreserving the integrity and functionality of the underlying nerves andblood vessels. This feature is also important during atrial fibrillationablation where underlying vessels such as the circumflex artery, theright coronary artery, and the coronary sinus reside in the interatrialgroove. When coagulating tissue completely to the valve annulus to usethe annulus as a barrier to electrical wavelet propagation, soft tissuealong the interatrial groove is coagulated. By lifting the atrial tissuealong the interatrial groove and cooling underlying tissue layers, theatrium is coagulated up to the interatrial groove yet the underlyingblood vessels are preserved.

For applications where the target tissue that the operator wants to heatresides between a definite soft tissue surface that needs to bepreserved and the electrode, a greater offset (D) is incorporated intothe vacuum coagulation probe. Even so, C>D. This configuration addressesarticular cartilage removal where jagged cartilage above the bonysurface is heated and removed via the vacuum without thermally damagingthe underlying bony surface. The integrated electrode 8 and vacuumtransmission of the vacuum coagulation probe embodiments of theinvention enable directly heating the target tissue by pulling thetarget tissue into engagement with the edges of the electrode 8. Thefluid injection mechanism enables cooling underlying tissue that isoffset from the electrode to preserve that soft tissue layer whileevoking the desired effect on the contacted tissue layer.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show two NON-integrated vacuum coagulation probeembodiments where the electrodes 8 and 108 comprise two rods orientedadjacent to the vacuum opening 10 of the covering/insulation 9. In theembodiment in FIG. 6A, a single slot defines the opening 10 between theadjacently oriented electrodes 8. In the embodiment in FIG. 6B, a seriesof pores 10 define the suction pores through the probe. In theseembodiments the suction applies vacuum to the insulative covering 9 suchthat the soft tissue will engage the adjacent electrodes.

These NON-integrated embodiments enable transmitting RF energy inbipolar mode between the adjacent electrodes 8 and 108. The electrodes'close proximity to the suction opening(s) 10 in the embodiments of FIGS.6A and 6B enable contacting the soft tissue to the adjacent electrodesindirectly but the location of the electrodes being adjacent to thesuction source opening(s) 10 limit the probes' ability to provide theflexibility required to engage soft tissue throughout the length of theelectrode unless the soft tissue surface is extremely smooth. Inaddition, these probe embodiments in FIGS. 6A and 6B, where theelectrodes' are located adjacent to the suction opening(s) 10, are notable to readily be oriented into 3-dimensional patterns (e.g. curveswhere the probe electrodes' are bent into at least one radius ofcurvature) while preserving the ability to reliably engage the softtissue to the openings. As such their ability to reliably createconsistent, transmural lesions throughout the entire length of theelectrode(s) is impaired when compared to the integrated probeembodiments (FIGS. 1A to 1C, 2A to 2E, 3A to 3B, 4A to 4D, and 5A to5C.). As such, applications such as atrial fibrillation, where thetissue surface is uneven and the 3-dimensional anatomic profiles of theatria, require the more flexible and tailored electrodes that integratethe vacuum features with the electrode as described in FIGS. 1A to 5Cabove.

However, the embodiments in FIGS. 6A and 6B where the electrodes areadjacent to the vacuum opening(s) are suitable for planar tissuesurfaces that don't require precise, direct tissue coagulation. Thefurther adjacent electrodes are separated from the vacuum opening(s),the device's flexibility, ability to completely engage 3-dimensionaltissue structures, and the lesion creation reliability are significantlydegraded. In fact, adjacent electrodes that are laterally spaced awayfrom the vacuum openings are unable to be bent into the required shapesto coagulate transmural, continuous lesions capable of treating atrialfibrillation.

Existing atrial fibrillation coagulation or other soft tissuecoagulation treatment applications performed thoracoscopically,endoscopically, arthroscopically, laparoscopically, or with other lessinvasive approach tend to create incomplete curvilinear lesions becausethe desired lesion sites are inaccessible, contact to the tissue ispoor, and the temperature gradient from the contacted tissue surface tothe opposite tissue surface is dramatic; these conditions limit thecreation of continuous, transmural, curvilinear, lesions. This isespecially the case when blood is flowing along the opposite tissuesurface producing a heat sink that cools that tissue surface furtheraffecting the temperature gradient and limiting the lesion depth. Assuch, the existing techniques can be inferior and have a higher rate ofarrhythmia persistence than the vacuum coagulation probe devices of theinvention.

In addition, incomplete lesions during atrial fibrillation treatmenthave been demonstrated to generate substrates for persistent atrialflutter and/or atrial tachycardia. For some other applications, theinability to create consistent and complete lesions allows cancerouscells, or other disease substrates to prevail. For applications such astendon shrinkage or articular cartilage removal, the inability to directcoagulation to a specific region of tissue without affecting underlyinglayers of tissue indiscriminately damages tissue structures (e.g.nerves, blood vessels, bone cells, or other untargeted tissue) that needto be preserved. The same concern holds true for atrial fibrillationablation in which lesions extend to the interatrial groove where thecircumflex, right coronary artery, and coronary sinus reside near thevalve annulus and must be preserved. The embodiments of the inventionmitigate these risks by engaging isolated, target tissue regions andenabling direct coagulation of a specific region of tissue withoutdamaging unwanted tissue structures.

An approach for treating atrial fibrillation with the vacuum coagulationprobe 2 of the invention is shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. The probe isinserted into the thoracic cavity through ports placed in intercostalspaces, a thoracotomy, a thoracostomy, a median sternotomy, amini-sternotomy, a xiphoid access port, a lateral subthoracic accesssite, or other less invasive surgical procedure. As such, the shaft 4 ofthe probe has a low profile to facilitate advancing through smallcavities associated with limited access applications. The probe 2 may bedeflected or deformed into the desired lesion pattern, which in FIGS. 7and 8 comprise slight curves passing between the left and rightpulmonary veins 28. Once placed, the vacuum source is actuated to applya suction force through the vacuum opening(s) 10 to urge the epicardiumof the left atrium 36 into intimate contact with the electrode(s) 8. Itshould be noted that the vacuum coagulation probe can instead be placedagainst the endocardium of the atria during cardiopulmonary bypassprocedures where the atria are open for valve (mitral, tricuspid, and/oratrioventricular) repair or replacement procedures or beating heartprocedures where an introducer into the atrium is obtained through anatrial appendage, the atrial free wall, the ventricle, a pulmonary vein,a vena cava, or other conduit that may be closed upon completion of thecoagulation procedure.

It should be noted that any pattern of curvilinear, transmural lesionsmay be created along the epicardial surface or the endocardial surfacewith the vacuum coagulation probe embodiments of the invention. Otherpotential lesion patterns capable of treating atrial fibrillation, whichthe vacuum coagulation probe may replicate, are described in U.S. Pat.No. 6,071,279 entitled “Branched structures for supporting multipleelectrode elements” and incorporated herein by reference.

The entire length of the exposed electrode(s) is used to apply suctionthrough the at least one opening 10 to apply a vacuum force against theepicardium (or endocardium) and urge the tissue into engagement with theelectrode(s).

Then radiofrequency (or d.c.) energy is transmitted to the electrode(s)in unipolar or bipolar mode such that the current density is transmittedinto tissue adjacent the at least one electrode and ohmic heating causesthe tissue adjacent the at least one electrode to heat and conduct theheat further into depths of tissue. Alternatively, the electrode(s) maybe fabricated from a resistive element (e.g. tantalum, tungsten, etc.)in which radiofrequency (or d.c.) energy applied along the resistiveelement, between wire connections at opposite ends of the resistiveelement, heats the element and the intimate tissue to electrode(s)contact enables thermal conduction of the heat from the electrode intothe target soft tissue.

The transmission of energy in unipolar or bipolar mode causes the softtissue to heat which conducts further into adjacent soft tissue;alternatively the heating of a resistive element causes the resistiveelectrode(s) to heat which is then conducted into adjacent, contactedsoft tissue. As cardiac cells (and any muscle tissue) are heated above50° C., irreversible conduction block occurs and the cells becomenon-viable (Nath, et al. Cellular electrophysiologic effects ofhyperthermia, on isolated guinea pig papillary muscle: implications forcatheter ablation. Circulation. 1993; 88:1826-1831). As such, aconsistent, continuous length of atrial tissue extending from theepicardial surface to the endocardial surface must be heated above 50°C. to treat atrial fibrillation.

For other applications involving coagulation of soft tissue to shrinkcollagen rich tissues or prevent shrinking of collagen tissues, heatingof the soft tissue must be controlled, which the vacuum coagulationprobe embodiments of the invention enable. Published studies evaluatingthe response of vessels (arteries and veins) to heat have focused on theability to permanently occlude vessels. Veins have been shown to shrinkto a fraction of their baseline diameter, up to and including completeocclusion, at temperatures greater than 70° C. for 16 seconds; thecontraction of arteries was significantly less than that of veins butarteries still contracted to approximately one half of their baselinediameter when exposed to 90° C. for 16 seconds (Gorisch et al.Heat-induced contraction of blood vessels. Lasers in Surgery andMedicine. 2:1-13, 1982; Cragg et al. Endovascular diathermic vesselocclusion. Radiology. 144:303-308, 1982). Gorisch et al explained theobserved vessel shrinkage response “as a radial compression of thevessel lumen due to a thermal shrinkage of circumferentially arrangedcollagen fiber bundles”. These collagen fibrils were observed todenature, thus shrink, in response to heat causing the collagen fibrilsto lose the cross-striation patterns and swell into an amorphous mass.

Embodiments of the invention prevent or limit the heat-inducedcontraction of such structures as the pulmonary veins by applying avacuum force capable of maintaining the position (e.g. diameter) of thevessel while heating the soft tissue. As such, the vessel is stented orsupported from the external surface as the tissue is heated above therequired 50° C. threshold without concern that the vessel mayaccidentally become stenosed due to the heat-induced contraction.

Alternatively, the vacuum coagulation probe embodiments directheat-induced contraction of such structures as tendons, ligaments, skinor other anatomy in which the therapy is designed to heat therebydenature the collagen and shrink the tissue until the desired shape oreffect is achieved. In addition, the vacuum coagulation probe canreposition the soft tissue while heat is applied to the soft tissue todirect the shrinking and cause the collagen fibrils to reorganizereforming the soft tissue into a desired shape.

FIG. 9 shows a shoulder with an integrated vacuum coagulation probe 2embodiment placed along the bony surface, tendon, ligaments, muscles, orother tissue. As such the integrated vacuum coagulation probe may beused for articular cartilage removal, tendon or ligament shrinking, orother indications involving collagen or cellular modification of tissuestructures.

The anatomy of the shoulder consists of the Greater Tubercle 200, theTendon of Biceps 204, the Humcrus 206, the Lesser Tubercle 202, theCapsular Ligament 210, the Coraco-Humeral Ligament 208, the CoracoidProcess 214, and the Neck of the Scapula 212

During articular cartilage removal, cartilage fragments are heated tosoften their attachment to the bony cells and enable removal from thebone while preserving the integrity of the bony cells. As such theintegrated vacuum coagulation probes in FIGS. 4A to 4D and 5A to 5Ccontain the electrode(s) 8 offset from the tissue contacting surfacealong the opening 10. As such only cartilage contacting the electrode(s)8 is heated and removed via the vacuum while the underlying bony surfaceis cooled by fluid passively flowing along the fluid injection lumen 16.

During tendon or ligament shrinking/altering procedures, stripes oflesions are superficially created along the surface of the tendonwithout damaging underlying nerves or other anatomic structures. Assuch, integrated vacuum coagulation probes 2 of FIGS. 1A to 1C, and 2Ato 2E are tailored to create a matrix of coagulated tissue defining agrid of coagulated tissue with viable tissue interspersed. As such theelectrode(s) may be placed along the tendon to create sequential linesseparated by widths of non-affected tissue. Alternatively, the pitch (A)to winding width (B) ratio may be substantially increased to createdistinct lesion lines separated by non-heated tendon in the spacebetween these widely separated windings. Either way the integratedvacuum coagulation probe is capable of creating a grid of coagulatedtissue interspersed with non-heated tissue regions.

The integrated vacuum coagulation probe embodiments of FIGS. 4A to 4Dand 5A to 5C can also be utilized in shrinking tendons, ligaments, orotherwise modifying such collagen-based tissue structures either bylocally heating the target tissue layer as described above ortransporting cross-linking agents (e.g. gludaraldehyde) or otherpharmacological substances specifically to the region of soft tissueengaged against the opening 10 of the probe. As such these typicallytoxic materials are also removed after invoking their desired tissueresponse. Cross-linking agents have been demonstrated to causecollagen-induced shrinking of tissue structures and increase thestrength of such structures; therefore, they are highly suited, despitetheir toxicity, to strengthening and shrinking damaged tendons. As suchthese integrated vacuum coagulation probe embodiments enable treated thetissue with such agents without concern for their toxicity since theyare immediately removed by the vacuum.

The integrated vacuum coagulation probe embodiments of the inventionalso enables treating a tissue surface without damaging underlyingtissue structures (e.g. nerves or vascular tissue) by slightly liftingthe target tissue surface away from the underlying layers via the vacuumwhile coagulating the target tissue layer. As such, the underlyingtissue is preserved.

FIG. 10 shows a hip with a vacuum coagulation probe 2 embodiment placedto remove articular cartilage or shrink tendons, ligaments, muscle, orother soft tissue as described for the shoulder above. The hip anatomyshown in FIG. 10 consists of the Greater Trockanter 216, the Femur 218,the Iliofemoral Ligament 220, the Anterior inferior iliac spine 222, theIliopectin Emin 224, the Pubo-capsular Ligament 226, and the Tuberosityof Ischium 228.

FIG. 11 shows a knee with a vacuum coagulation probe 2 embodiment placedto remove articular cartilage or shrink tendons, ligaments, muscle, orother soft tissue as described for the shoulder above. The knee anatomyshown in FIG. 11 consists of the Femur 218, the Medial Condyle, 242, theLateral Condyle 244, the Anterior Cruciate Ligament 238, the PosteriorCruciate Ligament 240, the Medial Meniscus 234, the Lateral Meniscus236, the Tibia 230, and the Fibula 232.

The embodiments of the invention described in this specification canalso be used for coagulating other soft tissues such as breast tissue,the liver, the prostate, gastrointestinal tissue, skin, or other softtissue for the coagulation of cancerous cells; or other collagen basedsoft tissue for the heat induced shrinking or contraction.

Although the present inventions have been described in terms of thepreferred embodiments above, numerous modifications and/or additions tothe above-described preferred embodiments would be readily apparent toone skilled in the art. It is intended that the scope of the presentinventions extend to all such modifications and/or additions and thatthe scope of the present inventions is limited solely by the claims ofthe invention.

1. A surgical device for coagulating soft tissue comprising: a flexible elongate member comprising a side wall with at least one lumen and at least one conductive element attached to said side wall; and at least one opening through said side wall of said first elongate member, where said opening has a length and a width, where said length is greater than said width, said opening coupled to said lumen and exposing said conductive element to allow said conductive element to create linear lesions.
 2. The device of claim 1, wherein a portion of the elongate member containing the conductive element and the conductive element are configured to deflect to conform to uneven surfaces of soft tissue, and where the conductive element is exposed only at said opening.
 3. The device of claim 1, where the portion of the elongate member containing the conductive element and the conductive element are elastic.
 4. The device of claim 1, where the elongate member containing the conductive element and the conductive element are malleable.
 5. The device of claim 1, further comprising a flexible extension about the opening that is adapted to deform to sealingly engage the soft tissue.
 6. The device of claim 1, wherein said side wall comprises an insulator covering.
 7. The device of claim 1, where the conductive element comprises at least one helical winding having at least one pitch and at least one winding width
 8. The device of claim 1, wherein said conductive element comprises a series of helical windings having at least one pitch and at least one winding width; wherein said pitch is greater than or equal to two times said width.
 9. The device of claim 1, wherein said conductive element comprises a series of helical windings having at least one pitch and at least one winding width, wherein said pitch is greater than or equal to four times said width.
 10. The device of claim 1 wherein the external surface of said side wall along said opening is offset from said conductive element by a distance; wherein the width of said opening is greater than or equal to said offset distance.
 11. The device of claim 1 wherein the external surface of said side wall along said opening is offset from said conductive element by a distance; wherein the width of said opening is greater than two times said offset distance.
 12. A surgical device for coagulating soft tissue: a flexible first elongate member comprising a tubular structure with a side wall defining a first lumen, a second lumen, and at least one attached conductive element; an opening through said side wall exposing said conductive element; said opening has a length and a width, where said length is greater than said width and said one opening being coupled to said first lumen a vacuum source coupled to said first lumen; a fluid source coupled to said second lumen; at least one electrical conduit coupled to said conductive element; and an energy transmission source connected to said electrical conduit; wherein said first lumen is coupled to said second lumen.
 13. The device of claim 12, where a portion of the sidewall comprises a flexible extension about the opening that is adapted to deform to sealingly engage a soft tissue surface
 14. The device of claim 12, where a portion of the first elongate member containing the conductive element and the conductive element are deformable.
 15. The device of claim 14, where the portion of the first elongate member containing the conductive element and the conductive element are elastic.
 16. The device of claim 14, where the portion of the first elongate member containing the conductive element and the conductive element are malleable.
 17. The device of claim 12 wherein said vacuum source causes fluid to flow from said first lumen to said second lumen cooling said soft tissue surface along said opening as energy is simultaneously transmitted to said conductive element causing said soft tissue to heat.
 18. The device of claim 12 wherein said fluid source comprises a therapeutic, pharmacologic solution.
 19. The device of claim 12 wherein said fluid source comprises a tissue cross-linking agent such as gludaraldehyde.
 20. A surgical device for coagulating soft tissue comprising: a first elongate member comprising a side wall with at least one lumen and at least one conductive element attached to said side wall; at least one opening through said side wall of said first elongate member, said opening coupled to said lumen and exposing said conductive element, where the conductive element is recessed from the opening and the opening where said opening has a length and a width, where said length is greater than said width; and wherein said conductive element comprises at least one helical winding having at least one pitch and at least one winding width.
 21. The device of claim 20, further comprising a flexible portion about said opening capable of deforming to sealingly form against the soft tissue, where the opening allows soft tissue to be pulled through the opening to contact the conductive element;
 22. The device of claim 20, where a portion of the first elongate member containing the conductive element and the conductive element are deformable.
 23. The device of claim 22, where the portion of the first elongate member containing the conductive element and the conductive element are elastic.
 24. The device of claim 22, where the portion of the first elongate member containing the conductive element and the conductive element are malleable.
 25. The device of claim 20, wherein said side wall comprises an insulator covering.
 26. The device of claim 20, wherein said conductive element comprises a series of helical windings having at least one pitch and at least one winding width; wherein said pitch is greater than or equal to two times said width.
 27. The device of claim 20, wherein said conductive element comprises a series of helical windings having at least one pitch and at least one winding width, wherein said pitch is greater than or equal to four times said width.
 28. The device of claim 20 wherein the external surface of said side wall along said opening is offset from said conductive element by a distance; wherein the width of said opening is greater than or equal to said offset distance.
 29. The device of claim 20 wherein the external surface of said side wall along said opening is offset from said conductive element by a distance; wherein the width of said opening is greater than two times said offset distance. 